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| 57 BC |
| | | Silla becomes the first of the three kingdoms of Korea, followed by Koguryo in 37 BC and Paekche in 18 BC | |
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| 51 BC |
| | | In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt | |
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| 49 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar crosses the river Rubicon (the southern boundary of Gaul) with his army – and in doing so launches a civil war | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers | |
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| 47 BC |
| | | Cleopatra gives birth to a son and calls him Ptolemy XV Caesar (later known by the nickname Caesarion) | |
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| 44 BC |
| | | Octavian, an 18-year-old student in Apollonia, hears that he has been named by his uncle, Julius Caesar, as his successor and heir | |
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| 37 BC |
| | | Herod, appointed king of Judaea by the senate in Rome, establishes his rule over Palestine | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast, | |
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| 27 BC |
| | | Octavian is given the life-long title of Augustus by the senate in Rome, becoming in effect the first Roman emperor | |
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